Across
- This royal family of Europe sought to spread its power via marriage and create a unified, Catholic Church across the continent. (2 words)
- This was the common name associated with tsar Ivan IV. He would greatly expand Russia in the mid-1500s. His ruthless rule was also highlighted by the belief that the tsar owned all property within the borders of the empire.
- This peace treaty signed in 1555 allowed the German princes determine if their state's people would worship as Catholics or Lutherans, excluding Calvinists. (3 words)
- This was the popular nave for the Russian prince who become so powerful that he was able to begin the process to expel the Mongols from Russia in the mid-1300s.
- This was the location for Louis XIV's new palace complex just outside of Paris via which the king projected his powerful image while also keeping his eye upon the nobility, whom he distrusted.
- This law passed at the request of Oliver Cromwell in 1651 would require all goods shipped to and from England had to be done so on English ships. It would result if the building of a vast merchant marine for that nation. (2 words)
- This is a situation which occurred when one or more jobs were held by a churchman/priest in an effort to improve his wages or reward him for good work.
- This was the name given the translation of the Bible into Latin.
- This is the name that was given to the small religious guidebooks written by both Calvin and Luther to guide their followers relgious practices and form their beliefs.
- This was the name given to the period of time where England was ruled by a military dictatorship (1649-1660).
- According to the Council of Trent, this and scripture were of equal standing when it came to determining church policy/beliefs.
- This type of state/nation is ruled by a leader who is not bound by any laws or rules to govern his behavior. Often a ruler of this type will claim a "divine right" to rule.
- This English philosopher supported the Glorious Revolution and noted that it was a government's primary duty to protect the three natural rights of its citizens - life, liberty, and property.
- This philsopher and political theorist stated that "sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people" - meaning that there is a contract between both a king and his subjects, and both must follow the rules.
- This Englishman oversaw the disollution of England's monasteries and the transfer of their wealth to the English crown. (2 words)
- This French king was wildly successful and very popular in his efforts to improve the economy and the conditions of French society while also keeping the nation out of war. He was assassinated in 1610.
- This river is considered the general dividing line between Eastern and Western Europe.
- This economic system created by Jean-Baptiste Colbert was put in place to improve the trade balance for France, increasing that nation's weath, and hence its position of power in the world.
- One of the three sacraments required of an individual in order to attain salvation according to Martin Luther.
- This Catholic power supported Protestant nations during the 30 years war in an effort to limit the power of the Habsburgs whose lands nearly surrounded their own.
- A nation that is free of outside interference in regard to its rule over its territories is considered this.
- At the start of the 1600s was the middle class stronger in Eastern Europe or Western Europe? (2 words)
- Protestant churches that call for baptizing only those who consciously choose to join the church are considered part of this general grouping.
- This view of the eucharist/communion was held by Luther and other Protestants that although the bread and wine do not transform into the body and blood of Christ, the Holy Spirit is present at the time of the sacrament (there is a spiritual change that occurs).
- Of the three sacraments required of an individual in order to attain salvation according to Martin Luther.
- This was the title given to the ruler of Spanish or Portuguese possessions/territories in the New World.
- This Protestant sect located in England were named this because they "mumbled" their prayers.
- This was the nickname for the prussian ruler Frederick William I who lived a austere life and organized Prussian society upon military structure. He believed that a nation's stability and standing in the world was determined by the state of its military. (2 words)
- This body was founded in 1635 in France as an instrument of unification. It was the highest authority over literature in that nation, wrote a dictionary to standardize the language, and soon would control the arts.
- This view of the eucharist/communion that is held by some Protestant sects and reformers states that there is no change the occurs during the sacrament. Instead, it is carried out to honor God and forgiveness and salvation that he provides for believers.
- This northern European nation was once a great power and was very successful early on in the Thirty Years War.
- This ethnic group was very nationalistic and difficult for the Austrian throne to control.
- According to John Calvin mankind lacked this -- instead he believed that everything that man did was predestined by the creator. (2 words)
- This English law passed in 1535 made the King of England the head of the new English Church. (3 words)
- This group of French intellectuals were able restore a level of unity and save the French nation from collapse during its period of civil wars of 1559-1598.
- The Duke of Alva convened this body known for its ruthlessness in order to rid the Netherlands of Protestant sympathizers and individuals who were undermining Habsburg power in the region.
- This Russian tsar ruled from the latter 1600s to the early 1700s. He sought to modernize Russia and would also build a new Russian capital city that is the greatest example of a planned Baroque city.
- This prince would unite the 17 provinces of the Netherlands and lead their rebellion against the Habsburgs during the Dutch Civil War. (3 words)
- This man was named "Lorder Protector" over England, but in essence was a military dictator. His savage repression of Catholics in Ireland has impacts on the nation's relations to this day.
- This Germanic composer of the Baroque period is often noted for his hymns. He would gain widespread respect until long after his death. (3 words)
- This English law passed in 1534 required all churchmen (priests, officials) to accept the crown's ultimate power and not to publish any materials without the crown's permission. (7 words)
- This English monarch was the target of an assassination plot by Mary, Queen of Scots.
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- This type of state/nation is one where the leader(s) is bound by laws that even he must follow.
- This was the nickname for the emporer of Brandenburg who established a standing army which also carried out tax collections, policing, and strengthened the power over the throne. (2 words)
- This English king held the throne and led that nation's initial break away from the Catholic Church during the Reformation.
- This commander of French foreign mercenaries under Louis XIV demanded total discipline and adherence to orders. His last name is often used today to describe an individual that follows rules 100% and thinks/acts very little upon his/her own.
- This Russian prince started a tradition of Moscow princes becoming the leading tax collectors and servants to the Mongol rulers of Russia.
- This protestant leader advocated predistination and government operated by religious authorities. (2 words)
- This English parliamentary body was generally made up of the landed nobility and by the 1500s found its power was waning. (3 words)
- This was the title of the individual that ruled over each of the 32 Generalities or districts that France was divided into by Louis XIII in his efforts to cut the power of the nobility and improve French unity.
- This law enacted in 1673 said that only members of the Church of England could hold office, preach, teach, vote, go to college, or hold meetings. William Penn would violate it and a jury would refuse to convict him. However, when James II violated it he would be forced to flee to France and give up the English throne. (2 words)
- This nearly bloodless overthrow of James II ended once and for all the English thrones claim of Divine Right to rule, and forced the new regents to accept the supremacy of parliament. (2 words)
- This 1516 agreement recognized the authority of the Pope in France, but allowed the government to appoint bishops and abbots. (3 words)
- This view of the eucharist/communion is commonly held by the Catholic Church. It states that the bread and the wine are transformed into the body and blood of Christ (there is a physical change that occurs).
- This French Secretary of State for War would make the French army a purely professional force. He also would modernize the military creating a commissariat and an ambulance corps.
- This enterprise, formed in 1602, was the first joint stock company, meaning that its investors assets not invested in the company were protected if the company failed. (3 words)
- This Russian church reformer sparked revolts by the Russian masses when he tried to reform the Russian Orthodox Church and bring its practices in line with those of the Greek Orthodox Church.
- This English parliamentary body was generally made up of middle class businessmen and traditionally had control over taxation. (3 words)
- Created by Charles II of England, this council of five advisors from Parliament was helped improve relations between the throne and the Parliament, and the body would be the forerunner of today's cabinet system.
- This European nation's anti-business policiesm, combined with massive mineral wealth from the New World, led to its economic collapse.
- This 1713 decree by Charles VI stated that all of the Austrian thrones possessions would be reunited under one leader, and that leader chould be a woman. (2 words)
- This French king was advised by Cardinal Richelieu who taught him that the king was the embodiment of the French state - thus reinforcing the need for absolutist rule.
- The development of this institution would force European governments to modernize and improve their tax system in order maintain it. (2 words)
- This alliance of German states was created to counter the creation of the Protestant Union, which many felt was a threat to their independence/sovereignty. (2 words)
- This treaty in the early 1700s forced France to give up many of its possessions in North America to England and also forced France and Spain to accept that their nations/rulers would remain split for perpetuity. (3 words)
- This English king would be installed after the military dictatorship over that nation ended. He made a deal with Louis XIV of France to restore Great Britain to Catholicism in return for 200,000 pounds annually.
- This type of economic enterprise in Eastern Europe weakened the power of cities, the merchant class, and promoted a continuation of serfdom in the region. (2 words)
- At the beginning of the 1600s was the nobility stronger in Eastern Europe or in Western Europe? (2 words)
- This French king would rule for 72 years, was a devout Catholic, well educated, incredibly smart, and considered his position as a job that must be taken seriously.
- This empire invaded Russia in the latter 1100s bringing a culture centered upon the ruthless rule of society.
- This English law passed in 1533t made the English crown the highest legal authority in deciding legal/court cases, cutting off papal interfence. (6 words)
- This French law issued in 1627 abridged the Edict of Nantes in an effort to force French Calvinists to allow free worship by Catholics in their 150 fortified towns.
- This policy/action created 150 fortified towns in France where Huguenots could practice their religion freely. (3 words)
- This group of protestants sought to remove all Catholic traditions and beliefs from the English church that were not based upon a strict interpretation of scripture.
- The defenestration in 1618 of this city would help lead to the start of the Thirty Years War.
- The name given to the series of civil wars that destabilized France from 1648-1653, during which the young Louis XIV was held hostage by various nobles in their bids for power over the nation.
- This occurred when a churchman would transfers his duties to another, usually far less educated/capable in return for a portion of his salary. (2 words)
- This English king had to convene Parliament to deal with a Scottish revolt in 1640. That body's refusal to quit meeting (which would in time help lead to an English Civil War) led to it being dubbed "The Long Parliament."
- This was the name for the traditional noble landholding class of Prussia.
- The defeat of this military force essentially guaranteed that Protestantism would survive.
- This church reformer began the period known as the Reformation when he nailed his "95 Theses" on the church door at Wittenburg. (2 words)
- This is when forgiveness was granted via holy writ by the church for acts often in return for financial considerations.
- Also known as the Eucharist, this is one of the three sacraments required of an individual in order to attain salvation according to Martin Luther.
- This European nation led the way in the science of overseas exploration and the African slave trade.
- This was the language European church services were performed in prior to the Reformation.
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